Essay on The History of Globalization - 1805 Words

Globalization is the increasing interconnectedness of people, places, and cultures throughout the world today. The effects of this homogenizing process that we call globalization can be seen in all aspects of life. From McDonalds being in almost every country, to the majority of North American clothes being made in periphery countries, to the technological ability that allows us to instantly communicate with people anywhere in the world, the effects are everywhere. Economically today, globalization has had both positive and negative effects around the world, with many similarities to colonization. Globalization has also led to increased poverty amongst the global periphery, and a specific group of winners and losers within this process of†¦show more content†¦One of the major reasons for these strong patterns of poverty and debt were the structural adjustment programs, or SAPs. These were loans that were facilitated through the IMF, or International Monetary Fund, and given to periphery countries. Originally the SAPs were to help colonized countries become independent and develop their own economy, but these loans led to huge debts instead. The conditionalities that these loans carried with them prevented these countries from progressing beyond anything except the export of their basic, primary goods. Also, certain quantities, prices, and other demands were required. This was because the western, core countries controlled the IMF and World Bank, meaning that they would want to profit from these SAPs in some manner. So instead of helping these countries develop, they just end up exploiting them instead, leaving huge amounts of debt that these countries cannot pay back (HIPC: Highly Indebted Poor Country). A population of workers are trying to meet the demands of the loans, only to see their primary products prices fall lower and lower, due to synthetics, huge overstocks of these goods, and speculation of a low price elasticity. When this happens, not on ly can the countries themselves not pay their loans, but also their citizens are now making even less money than they started with. Only the western, core, exploiting countries gain an advantage. Besides SAPs, poorShow MoreRelatedGlobalization : A Short History1720 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history much has evolved in the world we live in today. Nations that were once empowering and controlled many parts of the world today are seen less superior and most likely to keep peace and order rather than starting violence. In Jujen Osterhammel and Niels P. Petersson’s book Globalization: A Short History, they investigate what led to globalization. They discuss events in history starting from the 1800s to the cold war era and what events led to globalization. Osterhammel and PeterssonRead MoreGlobalization Has A Long History1578 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Globalization has a long history. According to National Geographic Society (2015), globalization grew when the Europeans began establishing colonies overseas. Many of the early European explorers were eager to spread the Christian religion to the regions they visited. â€Å"The globalization of Christianity spread from Europe to Latin America through Christian missionaries working with the local populations† (â€Å"Globalization,† 2015). Globalization was accelerated in the 19th century with theRead MoreCaribbean Crucible: History, Culture, and Globalization4302 Words   |  18 PagesCaribbean Crucible: History, Culture, and Globalization Kevin A. Yelvington In the present age of globalization, it is often forgotten that these world-encompassing processes were initiated with European expansion into the Caribbean beginning more than five hundred years ago. We now see the proliferation of overseas factories enabling owners, producers, and consumers of products to be in widely distant locales. It seems to us that in the search for profits, commercial activity has recently spreadRead MoreAmerican History: Impact of Globalization on American Life657 Words   |  3 PagesGlobalization impacts every area of American life: from the products we buy to the way we do things. One of the ways globalization affects individual communities is by making those communities more diverse. Globalization makes the migration of people, as well as products and stores, more possible. There are some negative aspects of globalization. For example, globalization makes it more likely that we will see less variety of stores. The proliferation of the same stores in ev ery neighborhood, evenRead MoreEssay about Globalization: History, Trends, and Technologies709 Words   |  3 PagesGlobalization: History, Trends, and Technologies Globalization is textually defined as the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade and free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets (Webster’s Dictionary). Within this definition we can see so many vital pieces that need to coexist in order for it to be a truly globalized environment in this world. Globalization is term that is currently being used more frequently but it doesn’tRead MoreGlobalization: Its Effects on our Society Today A Brief History1435 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Is â€Å"Globalization†? Globalization is the growth, expansion and integration of different systems such as economics, culture and politics on a global scale. Western countries went to third world countries and persuaded their citizens by blaming their economical and social problems on their technological backwardness rather than the exploitative nature of their political system. By accomplishing this, the western countries gain entry into the nations and trade technology for resources and labourRead MoreCities in US History: 20th century We all come across with the term globalization. The developing1300 Words   |  6 PagesCities in US History: 20th century We all come across with the term globalization. The developing countries have battled with increased globalization. But be careful, the effects of globalization are very complex as well as far-reaching. No doubt there are certainly some positive effects, but one cannot overlook the negative consequences of globalization over the area like cultures in the widespread developing world. Globalization is a nothing but the concept that symbolize the contested visionsRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Globalization Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization. Everyday you hear it on the news, you read it in the newspaper, and you overhear people talking about it- and in every single instance the word globalization seems to have a different meaning. When I hear of globalization I think of the whole world coming close together in all phases. I tend to think that we as human beings are breaking down barriers that have been protected or guarded. For instance, I initially thought of the progress we are making in the communication aspect. SoRead MoreNegative Impact Of Globalization And Capitalism1278 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization and capitalism are two systems that greatly influence our world on a political and economical scale. Globalization processes businesses and corporations internationally while capitalism handles the money, ownership, and trades that globalization operates. However, capitalism is often seen as a negative political system and thus I will argue that capitalism negatively affects globalization. But to understand why capitalism has a negative effect on capitalism, it is important to understandRead MoreGlobalization Has Changed The Economic Condition Of A Country Or The Lives Of People995 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization is a communication and connection between person-to-person, local-to-local and nation-to-nation to preserve and develop trade, technology, education, and etc. There are a couple aspects of globalization to count on, but this essay will be focusing on one specific dimension of globalization. Mostly, this essay will examine economic aspect of globalization as well as it will conduct a research: how globalization has changed the economic condition of a country or the lives of people. Moreover

Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen - 1470 Words

In her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen portrays a world in which society is actively involved in almost every individual’s lives. Its affects not only the individual, but the world around them. It has the power to affect the social conventions of the world, such as how people love, the ideals of a family, and how high or low an individual holds themselves in the world. Jane Austen illustrates this in her novel, Pride and Prejudice, by the novel s reoccurring themes of love, family and pride. As Jane worries about the future of her marriage, Elizabeth comforts her: Indeed, Jane, you ought to believe me. No one who has ever seen you together can doubt his affection. Miss Bingley, I am sure, cannot. She is not such a simpleton.†¦show more content†¦In later events, Elizabeth reflects on the news of Charlotte’s engagement. â€Å"It was a long time before she became at all reconciled to the idea of so unsuitable a match. The strangeness of Mr. Collins s making two offers of marriage within three days was nothing in comparison of his being now accepted. She had always felt that Charlotte s opinion of matrimony was not exactly like her own, but she had not supposed it to be possible that, when called into action, she would have sacrificed every better feeling to worldly advantage. Charlotte the wife of Mr. Collins was a most humiliating picture! And to the pang of a friend disgracing herself and sunk in her esteem, was added the distressing conviction that it w as impossible for that friend to be tolerably happy in the lot she had chosen (22.18) Where marrying for financial security is fairly common, Elizabeth s opinion and views of marrying for love does not mirror that of the time she lives in. Elizabeth is therefore unsurprisingly disappointed and shocked that her friend has settled to marry someone, who although is wealthy, is also much less desirable in character, only on the basis of financial security. She finds it shameful that someone who is a sensible, intelligent young woman† (5.2), should have to settle for someone like Mr. Collins just so she no longer has to worry about becoming a spinster. But Charlotte poses a sound

Training Older Workers Lifelong Endeavour

Question: Discuss about the Training Older Workers for Lifelong Endeavour. Answer: Introduction Reading Ng and Law (2014), it has been known that learning and developing skills is no longer limited to classrooms or is oriented to job sessions, but learning is a lifelong endeavour. The report shall discuss the contemporary requirements to educate the people in a particular area of work. The aim of the paper is to understand the necessity and requirement for training and teaching the existing and older workers in a workplace. Primarily, evaluation of the complete scenario of the particular workplace will be done and based on the findings, certain recommendations will be made that shall help to improve the working condition of the particular work place. In order to support the argument, the Staffing Delegations: Administrative Divisions of the Griffith University has been selected for the case study. I have some experience as an HR consultant and I look forward to this occupation as my career. I have understood the importance of recruiting people in an organization. As stated by Lechner (2012), there have been considerable changes in the complete process of recruitment. With the advent of technology and better means of communication, the recruitment process has changed largely. In previous times, hiring notices used to serve by the means of advertisements in the newspaper or magazines, but now the complete scenario has changed. There are numerous websites and other media where different types of jobs are posted from where the prospected people can get a note of their area of work and get recruited. These things are evident and it is for the same reason, it is important to teach the older workers at the work place because they might not be able to cope with the recent situations. For example, the Staffing Delegations of the Griffith University are associated with the recruitment and selection policy of the staffs in the University. Persons at the higher authority include Senior Deputy Vice Chancellors in academic and engagement services, Vice Presidents in Corporate Services and in the Global front. People are recruited in their respective positions depending on their skills and ability to perform their respective roles. In the same accordance, it can be said that these people are older people and thus, at times the necessity of training them and guiding them in the right direction becomes necessary. Account of current working scenario If the recruitment process of the Staffing Delegation: Administrative Department of the Griffith University is considered, it is divided into some major phases. These include: Pre-recruitment: In this phase, the manager conducts a review of the current position of the business needs and the budget implication as well. In collaboration with the HR Advisor Business Partners, a position is prepared based on the skills, knowledge, experience and the behaviour as well (Taylor, 2013). Another important aspect of the selection procedure of the pre-recruitment process is the method of advertising for the purpose of recruitment. In such cases, framing well based strategies are important. Recruitment: In this stage, the role of the selection panel holds the most importance. Developing a potential recruitment process and developing a project approach for recruiting the best candidate is the prime responsibility of the people belonging to this department (Thrasher et al., 2016). Selection: This happens to be the most challenging phase of recruitment where the main task is to short list the candidates, keeping a track of the complete vacancy process is indeed an important part of the complete recruitment procedure (Taylor, 2013). Post-selection: In this phase, the recruited persons are given an offer of payment. On the basis of some negotiation, a clear understanding is made and the person is recruited. The complete selection process might be a regular process for the complete Staffing and Delegation Department of the University but it has to be understood that the complete recruitment process has changed a lot. In the view point of Cole and Cole, (2016), there are countless innovations and technological developments in the recent working scenario. These changes are important to implement in the operation of workplace. Requirement of changes in the recruitment process The Beckerian Human Capital Theory provides an economic framework to understand the importance of investing for the training of older workers. It has been observed that there is a great possibility of getting proper return from the complete procedure of the training process in the older people participate with good effort, shall bring better prosperity to the organization. Again, the Human Capital theory also predicts that it is only when the discounted cost is more than the actual payment received by the employee, the person find it beneficial to participate in the training process. If the training of the older people is considered, they rather find themselves well experienced and do not entertain the training procedure. Therefore, training the older workers is considered profitable only when the older workers perspective towards the complete training process is positive. Change in the demographic shifts has created challenges for society and society policies. One of the major challenges that the workplace is facing in the recent situation is the increasing number of older workers in the workplace. Other changes in terms of health, economic, social and legislative sections are also contributing towards the changes over the forthcoming decades. In fact, in the view point of Bal and Jansen, (2015), the implications are likely to be wide ranging. With the increase in the age of a person, the ability to combine with the uncertainty of the impact of the changes in the workplace is lost. It then becomes important to come up with certain instances to teach the employers about the particular work. In addition to this, it has been pointed that with the increasing workforce age diversity in the workplace, the situation might give rise to concerns regarding the generational gap and other forms of conflicts as well. If proper checks are kept towards the teaching procedure of the older workforce, it can be said that it can bring benefits in the general business terms like employee motivation, flexibility and even retention of the experienced employees. Among the numerous issues, some of the vital issues include, performance gaps, impact of new technology. These are two issues that might prove to be challenging to the older workers in an organization. Therefore, in order to make the work effective enough, it is important to teach the older workers with proper vocational training. If the workers are not trained properly, there will remain a performance gap among the various employees that will ultimately affect the function and operation of the organization. For the sake of change, it is required to teach the old workers and train them properly so that they will be able to compensate the requirement as required to achieve the organizational goals and objectives. In addition to this, Gonyea, (2013) has pointed out that educating older workers is also crucial to maintain the economic vitality that might appear to be coming in recent decades. Teaching the older workers is one of the ways to fight against the increasing competition in th e market and the industry. It is only on the basis of applying knowledge one will be able to fight the intense competition in the market and increase the viability of performance of the particular individual. However, empirical researches have also showed that in an organization in Germany, there has been no such increase in the productivity of the organization by training the older employees (Hirshleifer et al., 2015). Implications for maintaining and developing professional learning practice of older workers Ng and Feldman, (2012) has also pointed out that there are various reason that clearly signifies that older workers cannot be neglected and that the complete organizational activities have to be carried on by keeping the perspective of the organization in mind. Ng and Feldman, (2012) have revealed that older workers are social security. They contribute the most in an organization when it comes to experience. They have the ability to fight against any odds that might arise at any point of time in the business of an organization. However, as argued by Schmitz (2015), that in the recent perspective, there is no doubt that the recent working scenario is different than that used to be at some time earlier. Therefore, it is evident enough to teach the older workers to balance the working procedure in the particular organization. As stated by Van Dalen, Henkens and Wang, M. (2015), there is an importance of continuous learning in the workplace. The new innovative and technological developments that are implemented in the workplace are important to make the operation of the business more effective. Some relevant reasons for the implication of maintaining and developing professional practice especially for the older people can be stated here: To lead from the top: For the people at the higher authority like the managers, it becomes important to maintain the productivity and the performance of the work that they are responsible for. It is the responsibility of the manager to create a culture of learning and address any kind of action that takes place in the workplace (Bal Jansen, 2015). To create a safe environment: Another important aspect of teaching and continuous learning in the workplace is to maintain a safe environment that aims at reducing the risk that can take place at any point of time. To improve the performance of the existence employees: When necessary trainings are given to the existing groups of employees, it is expected that their weaknesses are addressed. A training program that is conducted strengthens their skills and help to improve the skills that are needed for an employee to work at a higher level (Ryan, King Finkelstein, 2015). Training provides the necessary knowledge and overall creates a knowledgeable group of staffs that helps in overtaking the responsibility of others whenever necessity arises. In contrast to these approaches, Shiu, Hassan and Parry, (2015) said that with the increased workforce age brings certain barriers in the work culture as well. One of the most impactful issues is the increase in the age of an individual that results in the reduction of the flexibility of their work. A structured and proper development program ensures a consistent experience and background knowledge. Provision for learning and training provisions supporting lifelong learning of older workers If the case of the Staffing Delegations in the Griffith University is taken into consideration, it has to be understood that majority of the staffs of the department are experienced and belongs to the older groups of people. The question that arises here is the ability of the person in operation to tackle the situation of employment. In this respect, it can be said that the teaching techniques have changed a lot (Ryan, King Finkelstein, 2015). Education system is no longer depended on the boundary of books and other academic sources but the way of teaching has changed (Ian, 2005). It is for the same reason has become important for the recruiters as well to understand the changing nature of the teaching procedure that the recruited people could be eligible enough to perform in the changed scenario of teaching and learning due to the advent of technology and other factors. If the case of the older workers is consider, it has to be said that the ideology of the workers or employees who have been working for an organization for a long time varies with those who are new to the particular organization. In order to come down to a particular ideology, it is required to teach the older workers accordingly to support the activities of the particular organization (Omerzel irca, 2008). It has been observed that the older workers are effective enough to increase the productivity of the organization and thus, they hold importance in the functionality of the particular working sphere. Importance of vocational training to be provided to the older workers Vocational education is the kind of education that prepares people to work and support their roles in various professions including nursing, medicine, architecture or law. Providing a formal training referred to a structured period of learning with proper evaluation of assessment that that enables the employees to earn credit towards a recognized award and qualification. It has been observed that a lifelong learning has a lot of benefits for an individual and for the organization as well. Participation in the learning experience shows a positive impact on life satisfaction. In addition to this, it has also been reported that continuous learning also helps in building confidence among the employees. Learning might also help to improve the sense of self efficacy and help to develop proper skills and knowledge about their life. In the view point of Regmi, (2015), participation of the older people increases in the learning activities when the learning is conducted by the means of cultural activities. If the situation of the Staffing Delegation of the University is considered, the recruitment process is still carried out by older group of people. As pointed out by Lauzon, (2013), an organization might have the support of the best technology and physical resources, but in case if the people in the organization are not efficient enough to tackle the various operations of the business, the particular organization has to suffer ultimately. Poor selection of employees in the recruitment process definitely affects the organizations working procedure and it is for the same reason, the responsibility of the recruiters increases by many folds (Ahl, 2006). It has to be understood that the Griffith University is a well known and renowned University of the country and the teachers and professors who are a part of this Un iversity should be recruited properly that the enrolled students get the best of the education. In case, if the recruiters are taught properly for their role, then the chances of better recruitment increases and the work of the particular organization gets better. It has to be understood that by not approaching for a decision to eliminate the older people from an organization, it is better to teach them and train them in a way that shall help them to cope with the situation of the organization (Barbara, Crossouard, Aynsley, 2010). If proper investments are made and the older workers are directed in a right way, there is a great possibility of the improvement of the complete working scenario that will ultimately results in the betterment of the working of the organization. Recommendations to teach the older workers To teach the older workers, it is recommended that the individuals will be guided on certain basis and trainings will be given to them with proper approach to deal with the situation. The older people shall be requested to attend the training session where they will be given proper training and will be taught the necessary things to improve the condition of the working place (Dunne, Goddard Woolhouse, 2008). The older workers have to be treated well and they must not be treated on the ground that they are inefficient to perform their roles as recruiters. The importance of teaching and continuous learning has to be told to them. The vocational training might include the following process: Cognitive training: It has been observed that due to decline in the cognitive function, the ability of the older workers declined to certain extent. In addition to this, the older workers also find it challenging to relate themselves with the younger workers due to their cognitive ability that comes automatically with age. As pointed out by Tsan and Man (2013), there are evidences that show the difference in the learning method of the older workers. Training by lecture, modelling and active participation: The ability of the older workers can be improved by the means of different kinds of training activities by the means of proper lecture or training that shall match the pace of learning of the older workers. Teaching by active participation: In the view point of Garf (2013), older workers can be taught most effectively only when they are given the provision for active participation. As mentioned earlier that with the advent of technology and other means of education system, the demand of the recruitment process has also changed. Therefore, it is required to make the older people aware of the entire situation of the working procedure by training them properly. If required, the older people shall be showed the complete procedure of learning that they will be able to understand the actual requirement and hence recruit accordingly. Conclusion: The discussion made on the importance and implication of the older workers in a particular work place has helped to understand the importance of training and teaching the already existing workers who have been working in an organization for a long time. It has been understood that in case of older workers, there remained a gap in the work practice than that of the people who are not as old as others. In this respect, it has been observed that there are numerous benefits of old workers in a particular work place. It is with the help of the experience that the older workers have the function and the operation of the work place might improve. On the other hand, it has to be understood that these old workers at some time are not effective enough to meet the necessary requirements that are indeed necessary to meet in the contemporary time. Therefore, it falls under the responsibility of the particular organization to think of certain actions that shall help the older workers to cope with the situation and be equally participative in the functionality of the work place. It has been observed that without the implication of the internet and other virtual sources, teaching and learning processes cannot be possible in the recent time. For the older work force, knowing the complete procedure of teaching becomes important. These groups of people can only be taught if they are given proper training about the requirement of the teaching procedure. Therefore, it is important for the management of a University to understand the importance of teaching the existing employees in the particular department of the University. It is only when the staff delegations understand the importance the new teaching technique, they shall be able to recruit the right person for the post of the teaching and other criteria in the University. Reference list: Ahl. H, (2006)Motivation in adult education: a problem solver or a euphemism for direction and control?.International Journal of Lifelong Education25:4, pages 385-405. Bal, P. M., Jansen, P. G. (2015). Idiosyncratic deals for older workers: Increased heterogeneity among older workers enhance the need for I-deals. InAging workers and the employee-employer relationship(pp. 129-144). Springer International Publishing. Barbara M. Crossouard G. Aynsley S. (2010)Vocational lifelong learners?.International Journal of Lifelong Education29:6, pages 679-692. Cole, G., Cole, G. (2016). Extending the careers of older workers: the role of individual working agreements.Human Resource Management International Digest,24(6), 24-26. Cornford. I. R. (2009)Mere platitudes or realistically achievable? An evaluation of current lifelong learning policy in Australia.International Journal of Lifelong Education28:1, pages 19-40. Dunne L.,Goddard G. Woolhouse. C. (2008)Mapping the changes: a critical exploration into the career trajectories of teaching assistants who undertake a foundation degree.Journal of Vocational Education Training60:1, pages 49-59. Gkiontsi, D., Karanika-Murray, M. (2016). Dealing with economic and demographic challenges: Workplace innovation practices as a timely and effective response to older workers' needs.European Journal of Workplace Innovation,2(1). Gonyea, J. G. (2013).The older worker and the changing labor market: new challenges for the workplace. Routledge. Graf, L. (2013).The hybridization of vocational training and higher education in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland(p. 302). Budrich UniPress. Griffith.edu.au (2016), Griffith University, Available from: https://www.griffith.edu.au/ [Accessed on 30-10-2016] Hirshleifer, S., McKenzie, D., Almeida, R., Ridao?Cano, C. (2015). The impact of vocational training for the unemployed: experimental evidence from Turkey.The Economic Journal. Ian Cornford. (2005)Challenging current policies and policy makers' thinking on generic skills.Journal of Vocational Education Training57:1, pages 25-45. Lauzon. A. C. (2013)Youth and lifelong education: after-school programmes as a vital component of lifelong education infrastructure.International Journal of Lifelong Education32:6, pages 757-779. Lechner, M. (2012).Training the East German labour force: microeconometric evaluations of continuous vocational training after unification. Springer Science Business Media. Lee M. Friedrich T. (2011)Continuously reaffirmed, subtly accommodated, obviously missing and fallaciously critiqued: ideologies in UNESCO's lifelong learning policy.International Journal of Lifelong Education30:2, pages 151-169. Ng, E. S., Law, A. (2014). Keeping up! Older workers adaptation in the workplace after age 55.Canadian Journal on Aging/La revue canadienne du vieillissement,33(01), 1-14. Ng, T. W., Feldman, D. C. (2012). Evaluating six common stereotypes about older workers with meta?analytical data.Personnel Psychology,65(4), 821-858. Omerzel. D. G. irca. N. T, (2008)The Validation of Different Kinds of Knowledge at the Higher Education Level.Higher Education in Europe33:4, pages 423-436. Regmi. K. D. (2015)Can lifelong learning be the post-2015 agenda for the Least Developed Countries?.International Journal of Lifelong Education34:5, pages 551-568. Ryan, K. M., King, E. B., Finkelstein, L. M. (2015). Younger workers' metastereotypes, workplace mood, attitudes, and behaviors.Journal of Managerial Psychology,30(1), 54. Schmitz, J. (2015). Companies and Older Workers: Obstacles and Drivers of Labour Market Participation in Recruitment and at the Workplace. InPaid Work Beyond Pension Age(pp. 217-236). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Shiu, E., Hassan, L. M., Parry, S. (2015). The moderating effects of national age stereotyping on the relationships between job satisfaction and its determinants: A study of older workers across 26 countries.British Journal of Management,26(2), 255-272. Taylor, P. (Ed.). (2013).Older workers in an ageing society: critical topics in research and policy. Edward Elgar Publishing. Thrasher, G. R., Zabel, K., Wynne, K., Baltes, B. B. (2016). The importance of workplace motives in understanding workfamily issues for older workers.Work, Aging and Retirement,2(1), 1-11. Tsang, M. M., Man, D. W. (2013). A virtual reality-based vocational training system (VRVTS) for people with schizophrenia in vocational rehabilitation.Schizophrenia research,144(1), 51-62. Van Dalen, H. P., Henkens, K., Wang, M. (2015). Recharging or retiring older workers? Uncovering the age-based strategies of European employers.The Gerontologist,55(5), 814-824. Van Solinge, H., Henkens, K. (2014). Work-related factors as predictors in the retirement decision-making process of older workers in the Netherlands.Ageing and Society,34(9), 1551-1574. Volles N. (2016)Lifelong learning in the EU: changing conceptualisations, actors, and policies.Studies in Higher Education41:2, pages 343-363.

Critical Studies In Organization And Bureaucracy

Question: Describe about the Critical Studies In Organization And Bureaucracy? Answer: Introduction: This particular report is intended to represent information gathered to make business decision in an appropriate manner. Here, it is noted that Mr. Graeme Craig, the business development director at TFL (travel for London) seeks advice regarding whether to continue the bus service on route no 23 or not. In order to support Mr. Graeme Craig to take decision regarding this particular aspect, information related to bus service at route no 23 were collected and then those information were assessed in below mentioned section with the help of several statistical tools. The entire evaluation includes four parts such as Part A, Part B, Part C and Part D. Background of the study: It is noted that Mr. Graeme Craig assumes the bus service on this route 23 is not utilized by many people for the reason that the route is dwelled by the business person as well as the households have at least one car at their disposal. Under such circumstance continuing the bus service on this route indicates that the government experienced huge amount of cost. So, it is important to recognize whether continuation of this bus services is profitable or not. Part A: Data Gathering: This section of the study aims to provide information about what kind of data were gathered to resolve the issue and how data were gathered. P1: It is noted that the issue that exists here, entirely revolved around the perception of Mr. Graeme Craig regarding this particular bus route. There is no such evidenced to conclude how many people are travelled all the way through this route and how many of them used the bus service on route no 23 while travelling. Further, it is also estimated that most of the people who travelled through this route having at least one private car. So, there might be circumstances, where people prefer to travel using private cars rather public bus services. Under such circumstances, it is necessary to review the number of people used this bus service time to time as well as it is also required to assess the perception of the individual people who travel through this route. So, basically the primary data needs to be collected here. Now, to collect primary data, two specific instruments were used here. First of all, there is followed a observational study, with the help of which, number of people use the bus service will be pointed on each hour all the way through Monday to Sunday. The data gathering will start from early morning at 7 AM to 10 PM each day. On the other hand a closed ended questionnaire will used to gather information from the people who travel through this route. P2: Under such circumstances, it is clear that here the research methodology includes mainly two type of data collection techniques, the observational study and the questionnaire method. When the sample for observational study is the entire population who travel all the way through this route; for questionnaire study, 100 people were selected who travel through this route 23. Here, the conventional sampling method is applied for selecting those 100 people as it is the best approach to draw sample which appropriately represent the entire population. P3: The below table will use for observational study: Table 1 Time Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Total 0700 - 0800 0 0800 - 0900 0 0900 - 1000 0 1000 - 1100 0 1100 - 1200 0 1200 - 1300 0 1300 - 1400 0 1400 - 1500 0 1500 - 1600 0 1600 - 1700 0 1700 - 1800 0 1800 - 1900 0 1900 - 2000 0 2000 - 2100 0 2100 - 2200 0 Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Here, number of passengers travelled through bus service on route no 23 were pointed out during every hour. The below questionnaire is used to gather information about the perception of people about the bus service on route no 23: Name: Occupation: Mode of transport used while travelling: Are you feeling comfortable while using bus service on route no 23? Yes No Do you think the bus service on route no 23 is important for travellers who used this particular route? Strongly agree; Agree; Indifferent; Disagree; Strongly disagree; Do you think having personal car significantly influence the number of passengers of route no 23? Strongly agree; Agree; Indifferent; Disagree; Strongly disagree; Overall you satisfied with the service provided by route 23 bus services? Strongly agree; Agree; Indifferent; Disagree; Strongly disagree; Data calculation Part B: P4: The below mentioned table provide the total number of passengers during each time slot as well each total passengers travelled each day through using route no 24. Time Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Total passengers in each time slot 0700 - 0800 8 10 9 8 10 6 0 51 0800 - 0900 11 10 8 8 7 8 1 53 0900 - 1000 12 12 7 9 8 5 2 55 1000 - 1100 7 8 8 9 1 2 8 43 1100 - 1200 6 5 4 7 1 4 8 35 1200 - 1300 6 3 2 4 3 4 10 32 1300 - 1400 5 2 2 2 3 5 8 27 1400 - 1500 2 6 4 3 3 4 10 32 1500 - 1600 6 2 6 3 4 5 8 34 1600 - 1700 8 3 7 4 4 4 5 35 1700 - 1800 6 4 8 7 8 5 4 42 1800 - 1900 6 5 8 6 6 9 4 44 1900 - 2000 2 2 6 6 7 8 1 32 2000 - 2100 2 2 2 1 10 10 0 27 2100 - 2200 1 2 0 0 10 9 0 22 Total daily passenger 88 76 81 77 85 88 69 564 P5: Referred to the table mentioned below, it can be said that the average number of passengers during each time slot is 38. Time Total number of passenger during each time slot 0700 - 0800 51 0800 - 0900 53 0900 - 1000 55 1000 - 1100 43 1100 - 1200 35 1200 - 1300 32 1300 - 1400 27 1400 - 1500 32 1500 - 1600 34 1600 - 1700 35 1700 - 1800 42 1800 - 1900 44 1900 - 2000 32 2000 - 2100 27 2100 - 2200 22 Average 38 Referred to the table mentioned below, it can be said that the average number of daily passenger is 81. Day Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Total daily passenger 88 76 81 77 85 88 69 Average daily passenger 81 (Lockyer and Lockyer, 1984) Discussion: The above calculation shows that during each hour on an average 38 people travelled through this route. On the other hand, it is also noted that during a week on an average 81 people travelled through this route. Further, the study also shows that the passengers mostly use this bus service during morning hours that is from 7 AM to 10 AM. So, it can be said that frequency of the buses should be increased during this time and needs to extend the frequency during odd time (Lowe, 1969). P6: [a] Variance using the total passenger for each time slot: Time Total (X-Mean)^2 0700 - 0800 51 179.56 0800 - 0900 53 237.16 0900 - 1000 55 302.76 1000 - 1100 43 29.16 1100 - 1200 35 6.76 1200 - 1300 32 31.36 1300 - 1400 27 112.36 1400 - 1500 32 31.36 1500 - 1600 34 12.96 1600 - 1700 35 6.76 1700 - 1800 42 19.36 1800 - 1900 44 40.96 1900 - 2000 32 31.36 2000 - 2100 27 112.36 2100 - 2200 22 243.36 Variance 93.17333333 Standard Deviation 9.652633492 [b] Variance using the total daily passengers: Time Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Total 88 76 81 77 85 88 69 (X-Mean)^2 55.18367 20.89795918 0.183673 12.7551 19.61224 55.18367 133.898 Variance 42.53061224 Standard deviation 6.52155 The variance and standard deviation measures the deviation from the mean result. Here, from the variance and standard deviation result, it is noted that the variance and standard deviation for total passengers based on each time slot is greater than variance and standard deviation of daily total passengers. So, number of passengers during each time slot changes more frequently than changes in daily passengers. P7: It is noted that a percentile provides information regarding how well the data are spread over the specified interval. Using particular values of percentile, generally it can be predict how much data remain above this level and how much data remain below this range. Quartiles are specific percentiles. There are mainly three percentiles are used in business decision making, such as first percentile, second percentile or median and third percentile. Taken for example, the median or the second percentile indicates that 50 percent of the data remain above this point and 50 percent of the data remain below this point. Correlation coefficient shows the association between variables. These help researchers to decide what the variables that influence the predicted variables are. Part C: P8: [a] Bar Chart: [b] Histogram: From the above graphical presentation of data, it can be said that this particular bus service evidenced more than 70 passengers during each day in a week. In particular, during Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday, the bus service evidenced more than 80 passengers. However, the histogram shows that among those days, during the morning time, the frequency of use this bus service is greater than other time slots. P9: The above trend line shows a linear trend throughout the week. It shows that the use of bus service slightly reduced during the weekends. So, there is an indication that working professionals are utilized this bus services during morning times (Kimmel et al., 2008). P12: Number of car in each household No of daily bus journey Number of car in each household 1 No of daily bus journey -0.93434 1 (Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso, 2007) From the above table it is noted that there is a strong negative correlation between number of car in each household and no of daily bus journey. So, it can be said that no prediction can be done about the daily bus journey based on number of cars in each household. Using excel spreadsheet add in, the correlation coefficient is calculated here. Below are the detailed calculation procedures: P13: Based on information given by Mr Anderson below are the details about the critical path: (Lockyer, 1969; Fitzgerald, 2002) From this critical path, it can be said that activities B, C, D, E and J are said to be critical and hence, any delay on completion of those activities will result delay of project completion period. P14: Below are the details calculations of two alternatives: East London clinic Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Initial cash inflow $ 2,55,000.00 Cash outflow $ 90,000.00 $ 85,000.00 $ 90,000.00 $ 91,000.00 $ 1,10,000.00 Cumulative cash outflow $ -2,55,000.00 $ -1,65,000.00 $ -80,000.00 $ 10,000.00 $ 1,01,000.00 $ 2,11,000.00 Cost of capital 20% Discounting factor 1.00 0.833333333 0.694444444 0.578703704 0.482253086 0.401877572 Present value $ 75,000.00 $ 59,027.78 $ 52,083.33 $ 43,885.03 $ 44,206.53 Total present value $ 2,74,202.67 Payback period 2.888888889 Years Net present value $ 19,202.67 Central London clinic Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Initial cash inflow $ 5,30,000.00 Cash outflow $ 40,000.00 $ 80,000.00 $ 1,40,000.00 $ 2,50,000.00 $ 3,20,000.00 Cumulative cash outflow $ -5,30,000.00 $ -4,90,000.00 $ -4,10,000.00 $ -2,70,000.00 $ -20,000.00 $ 3,00,000.00 Cost of capital 20% Discounting factor 1.00 0.833333333 0.694444444 0.578703704 0.482253086 0.401877572 Present value $ 33,333.33 $ 55,555.56 $ 81,018.52 $ 1,20,563.27 $ 1,28,600.82 Total present value $ 4,19,071.50 Payback period 4.0625 Years Net present value $ -1,10,928.50 (Fischer and Sirianni, 1994; Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel, 2002) From the above two calculations, it can be said that the payback period as well as NPV of central London clinic is in adverse situation than west London clinic. So, there is no need of transferring the clinic. Recommendations and conclusion: Thus, to conclude it can be said that gathering information as well as evaluation using statistical tool will provide enough support in business decision making. So, under such circumstances, it is recommended to Mr. Graeme Craig to gather data using above tools and evaluating them though the same approach used for route 24 to draw desire conclusion. References: Fischer, F. and Sirianni, C. (1994).Critical Studies In Organization And Bureaucracy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Fitzgerald, S. (2002).Decision making. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Kimmel, P., Weygandt, J. and Kieso, D. (2007).Financial accounting. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Kimmel, P., Weygandt, J., Kieso, D. and Kimmel, P. (2008).Accounting. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Lockyer, K. (1969).An introduction to critical path analysis. London: Pitman. Lockyer, K. and Lockyer, K. (1984).Critical path analysis and other project network techniques. London: Pitman. Lowe, C. (1969).Critical path analysis by bar chart. London: Business Books. Weygandt, J., Kieso, D. and Kimmel, P. (2002).Managerial accounting. New York: Wiley.